Chemistry revision sheets

Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle 1

Cell Cycle 2

Cell Cycle 3 
Cell Cycle 4

Cell Cycle 5

Cell Cycle 6

Cell Cycle 7

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What Is Metallic Bonding? The Sea of Electrons

You've met ionic bonds (electrons transferred) and covalent bonds (electrons shared). But what holds a lump of pure copper or iron together, when there's only one kind of atom and nobody to trade with? That's the job of the third great bond type: metallic bonding . The short answer: metallic bonding is the attraction between positively charged metal ions and a " sea " of shared, freely moving electrons. Metal atoms give up their outer (valence) electrons into a common pool that flows through the whole structure, and the electrostatic pull between the fixed positive ions and this mobile electron sea holds the metal together. What metallic bonding actually is Picture a metal as a neat 3D lattice of positive ions (metal atoms that have released their valence electrons) sitting in a shared pool of those delocalised electrons . "Delocalised" means the electrons don't belong to any single atom — they roam freely across the entire piece of metal. The...
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What is Pepsin?

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In Your Body... Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that performed the best in the acidic condition (pH 2) produced by the gastric juice. It digests and breaks down protein (e.g. meat, seeds, eggs, dairy products, etc.). Keep in mind that pepsin digests proteins (not carbohydrates, not fat) into peptides. These peptides are then either absorbed in the intestine or further break down by enzymes from pancreas. In small intestine (pH around 7), pepsin is no longer effective and no longer digests proteins. Hormones Hormones that regulate digestion and hunger such as gastrin and secretin stimulates the production of pepsinogen, the proenzyme of pepsin. In other words, when pepsinogen is activated, it becomes pepsin. ⏰ 5 Minutes in Chemistry — the study series from Chemistery You just learned one topic the five-minute way. The series does it for your entire course — one printable page per topic: understand it, memorize it, test yourself. Five minutes. Next topic. Vol 1 ·...
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The structure of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) III - Transmembrane Domains

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